Is There A Correlation Between Personality And Dreams

Is there a Correlation between Personality and Dreams? Dreams are stories that we develop in our minds while we are sleep. These dreams can range from something bizarre to something extremely entertaining. Many scientists, researchers, and philosophers have studied the concept of dreaming, as well as linking it to personality. Dreams being a mysterious phenomenon, there has been quite an extensive amount of research to find the correlation between personality and dreams. This literature review will explore the relationship between dreams and personality. Dreams tend to develop a means of different boundaries. This means that we experience our dreams very vividly even though it is all in our mind (Aumann et al., 2012). Dreams are affected†¦show more content†¦Research conducted by Yu et al., (2013) focused on the emotional anguish and formation of the intellectual mindset. It displayed forms of the superego being fully functional and not functional during their rest period. Following the information collected on the superego, he conducted a study using a Dream Intensity Scale to calculate the strength of encounters many people experienced throughout the dream. This focused on multiple themes but most importantly reflected on the personality as well. It was believed that our dreams were meant to be interpreted. Based on that, it was known to focus on a psychoanalytic sense, and show us who we really are. This research failed to do so because many of the questionnaires results focused on the superego and emotions, that it faile d to connect the relation of personality factors to dreams. This could have been an issue since the majority of participants were males Future analysis was mentioned speaking on an equal amount of gender participants. A research was conducted almost two decades ago from today, which focused on the boundaries and dream content in an individual. This article supports the concept of what is within our dreams that related to personality and how they produce it over time. Using the questionnaire, they measured the differences in the structure of the dreams that people can have and focused each boundary identified in the dream they experienced. What was surprising in this wasShow MoreRelatedA Study On Dream Recall978 Words   |  4 Pages Results The descriptive statistics for the study were for dream recall (Minimum = 1, Maximum = 7, Mean= 4.89, (1.53)), which indicates an above average rate of dream recall however the standard deviation is substantial. For extraversion the statistics were (Min =1.00, Max= 7.00, Mean=3.96, (1.49)). The Stability results were (Min= 1.00, Max= 7.00, Mean= 3.84 (1.27)). Openness was recorded as (Min= 2.75, Max= 7.00, Mean= 5.43(1.06)) this shows that people have a high level of openness, whichRead MorePersonality, Ethics, And Different Aspects Of The Psychoanalytic Theory946 Words   |  4 Pages We have been talking about personality, ethics, and different aspects of the psychoanalytic theory in these past two weeks. There has been more information that I have learned, along with information I was already familiar with, however, it certainly cleared up things that were a little foggy from before. This class is by far the most interesting class that I have taken and it keeps me engaged every day. I am still looking forward to learning everything else that I have yet to learn. First, I wantRead MoreThe Nurture Versus Nature Debate1743 Words   |  7 Pagesexamination of social processes by which intelligence and personality traits are attributed to others is seen as the only relevant issue in personality study. As shared environment has been shown to have a certain impact on personality and intelligence, affirming that  « children are not empty canvases on which parents can paint their dreams  » (Judith Harris, 1998) is not legitimate. However, the second school of thought claims that personality and ability appear to have a distinct relationship withRead MoreChild Psychology, lesson 1 Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Why it is difficult for researchers to isolate specific causes of child behaviour - using two of your own examples. How is the term â€Å"correlation† a solution to this problem? It is difficult for researchers to isolate specific causes of child behaviour because each child’s environmental settings and values are different from one to another. Most scientists agree that genes have some influence over general intelligence and special aptitudes in such activities as athletics, mathematicsRead MoreMarxism In Arthur Millers Death Of A Salesman1465 Words   |  6 PagesSalesman, Willy Lowman sought to attain the American Dream, but his distorted view of Marxist control ultimately provoked his physical, material, and mental destruction. Lowman, a middle-class salesman, husband, and father of two shared the ideology of many American’s, an ideology that hard work, dedication, and likeability was attainable regardless of social class, or life circumstances. Yet, the multiple distortions Willy associated with this dream combined with regressed emotions eventually led toRead MoreAnalysis Of I Heart Huckabee s There Was A Scene About The Blanket Theory Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesI Heart Huckabee’s Our personality varies based our environment or situation and is subjected to change. As many may know, our personality tells us who we are as a person. It is a substantial role in our lives. Personality is the pattern of behavior, thoughts, and feelings. In the movie I Heart Huckabee’s there was a scene about the â€Å"blanket theory†. Bernard, the detective, names a couple of things to his client Albert under the blanket. Bernard is stating that everything is connected andRead MorePsychology1731 Words   |  7 Pagesbuilt on structuralism s concern for the anatomy of the mind and led to greater concern over the functions of the mind, and later to behaviorism. Behaviorism- Behaviorism (also called the behavioral approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920s to 1950 and is based on a number of underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis: Psychology should be seen as a science.   Theories need to be supported by empirical data obtained through careful and controlled observationRead MoreA Room of Ones Own Perception1057 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hours, author Michael Cunningham describes his characters in a very unique way. Cunningham portrays his characters through the descriptions of rooms in which each person spends most of their day. The rooms become a window to each character’s personality and personal situation. Through reflection of her own room, Clarissa Vaughn comes to realize that she is completely unhappy with the way her life has turned out. Similarly, Cunningham uses Laura Brown’s time in her kitchen and her two hour stayRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1732 Words   |  7 Pagesvalues and dreams of the American population at that time. These beliefs, values and dreams can be summed up be what is termed the American Dream; a dream of money, wealth, prosperity and the happine ss that supposedly came with the booming economy and get-rich-quick schemes that formed the essential underworld of American upper-class society. This underworld infiltrated the upper echelons and created such a moral decay within general society that paved the way for the ruining of dreams and dashingRead More The Great Gatsby American Dream Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesvalues and dreams of the American population at that time. These beliefs, values and dreams can be summed up be what is termed the American Dream, a dream of money, wealth, prosperity and the happiness that supposedly came with the booming economy and get-rich-quick schemes that formed the essential underworld of American upper-class society. This underworld infiltrated the upper echelons and created such a moral decay within general society that paved the way for the ruining of dreams and dashing

The Period After The Great War - 902 Words

The period after the Great War, or World War 1, of the early 1900s was a period of great prosperity for African Americans, women, and especially African American women. Though, on the other hand, the 1920s had some conflicts that many Americans could have seen coming. In many ways, the United States had been moving from an older world with not much individuality, to a more modern new world that we can recognize, more clearly, today. The 1920s had consisted of famous riots and restricts many immigrants had to abide by, amendments to the Constitution, and new ways of Blacks expression with the formation of Jazz music. An enormous part to moving into this new prosperous era had been the voyage of African Americans to the North. This had been†¦show more content†¦Immigrants had faced persecution for their color of skin, the traditions of their culture, and the way natives feared how immigrants could take their jobs and depress their wages, along with other reasons. This dislike for immigrants resulted in numerous riots against immigrants and even restriction orders that would be called wrong and unjust in today’s society. The popular Klan, most remembered by its three Ks, the Ku Klux Klan, had come about once again, in relation to its first appearance with all White terrorists who opposed Reconstruction. The KKK, said by Hiram Wesley (Doc. D), had come to speak for the great mass of the Americans of the old pioneer stock. The Klan had formed to be again immigrants, as they desired to keep only American tradition in the United States, which is what many believed was the way it should be. The Klan had even went by the slogan â€Å"One flag, One school, One Bible†, to show how native-born people are to be the only norm of the country. These anti-immigrant whites had even gone as far as taking what they felt was right and just to Congress, where they later had cut off virtually all immigrants from southern and Eastern Europe. Women had also benefited from the Great War in different ways as they had taken up new jobs of that were previously men jobs such as, taking responsibility over farms, the ability to divorce their husbands, increases in divorces is shown on the graph â€Å"Marriage and Divorce,Show MoreRelatedGreek and Roman civilizations1262 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history there have been many great empires, but none have made a greater impact than the Greek and Roman empires. These empires began as small city-states, and grew to become the powerful empires we know today. The Greek and Roman empires were not always enemies, considering the Romans were greatly influenced by the Greek culture. The two civilizations shared many similarities, but had different opinions on government operations. There are three different periods that span the history of the GreekRead MoreThe Great Journey to Freedom Essay examples1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Journey to Freedom The twentieth century was a great and tremendous time for Canada in their journey to gain independence from Britain. Before, Canada started demanding for freedom, they were a part of the Commonwealth of Britain. Britain controlled many countries but Canada’s actions in the twentieth century made Britain feel as if Canada needed an identity of their own. The years 1900 – 1929, saw Canada taking their first steps in attaining independence from Britain. Their involvementRead MoreThe Growth And Peak Stage Of A Business Cycle1498 Words   |  6 Pagesdepression. These cycles repeat themselves over and over through out time in the business world. The growth and peak stage of a business cycle are when companies are building and providing great products and services. This is also the period when jobs are most abundant and harder to fill because job positions are in demand. After the peak stage a risky point in time follows which is the recession stage. During this time people tend to loose their jobs and it is a much harder time to find a job as well. TheRead MoreWorld War II : The Great People s War1529 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II (The Great People’s War) was of deep importance to the formation of today’s international relations system, however the following periods after this war between the greatest powers in the world are also of great significance. The analysis of those periods and their impact on world history will be the first approach of this assessment. It is important to clarify that these periods cannot be annualized as isolated events that happened in History, but related events that in a way or anotherRead MoreThe First Half Of The Twentieth Century1304 Words   |  6 Pagescentury has been the most dreadful, and the most unstable of all time for the humanity. Wars, conflicts, and genocides plagued many parts of the world during that time especially in Europe which became the main battlefield for two major wars. It is certainly the worst period of human kind’s history. Millions lost their lives in what became the deadliest period of humanity. Beyond its dreadful aspect, this period showed how radical nationalism combined with deep imperial rivalries and â€Å"frantic scramblesRead MoreThe Influence of History on American Literature Essay1546 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Tale Intended to be After the Fact†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is how Stephan Crane introduced his harrowing story, â€Å"The Open Boat,† but this statement also shows that history influences American Literature. Throughout history, there has been a connection among literary works from different periods. The connection is that History, current events, and social events have influenced American Literature. Authors, their literary works, and the specific writing styles; are affected and influenced by the world around them. AuthorsRead MoreWhat Were the Main Causes of British Decolonization After World War Two?1791 Words   |  7 Pages Before World War 2, Great Britain ruled over one-fourth of the world and had 700 million people under its rule outside of the UK. By 1965, there were only 5 million people under British rule outside of the United Kingdom. Today, the British Empire only consists of minute islands spread around the globe. Great Britain was on the winning side with both the United States and the Soviet Union, but it came out of World War 2 as a sick old man. Therefore, Great Britain’s empire began to crumble beneathRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Australian Nation Was Changed By Its Involvement During Wwi?1298 Words   |  6 Pagescourse of the Second World War. WWII begun on September 3 1939 when Britain declared war on Germany due to the German invasion of Poland 2 days prior. (www.anzacday.org.au/history/ww2/overview/ww2-01.html) Because Australia was allies with Great Britain, Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, declared war on Germany stating â€Å"that in consequence of a persistenc e by Germany in her invasion of Poland, Great Britain has declared war upon her and that, as a result, Australia is also at war.†(Prime Minister, RobertRead MoreWorld War One And End Of The Twentieth Century1330 Words   |  6 Pageslook at the Twentieth Century. Each give there view on the century that was, and how their views or lives have been influenced with the circumstances that have been handed out over this period. This contracts between wars and massacres and goes forward to technology and science. †¢ This book begins with World War One and ends with the diminish of communism; this introduction gives a brief overview of the highs and lows of which the following chapter go into further detail. †¢ Hobsbawn uses his ownRead MoreThe Realist Way Of Looking At The International System Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesmeasured in power. To better understand how war acts as a means to this end, scholars have proposed many theories. The three most plausible theories are offensive realism, the power transitions theory, and defensive realism. After applying these theories—offensive realism, power transitions, and defensive realism—to World War I and the Cold War, this paper examines them in the context of the present climate of Eastern Europe, and argues that while great power war will likely occur in the next fifteen

Comparison of Two Business Types for Woolworth- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theComparison of Two Business Types for Woolworth. Answer: Introduction The report intends to present the comparison of two different types of the business based on the annual report. The two sectors have been chosen based on Retail Business and Manufacturing business headquartered in Australia. The choice of the retail company has been made with Woolworth Limited and the manufacturing sector has been identified with Boral Limited. The various comparison elements hsas been considered with the nature of the business, transaction records, preparation of financial reports, financial reports formats and extend of disclosure. The second section of the report has been seen to be related to the various types of comparison based on the various types of the disclosures which has been stated based on the accounting standards. Retail Business The various parameters of the retail business have been identified with Woolworths Limited. Nature of Business Woolworths Limited has been identified as a major Australian retail company and second largest in terms of the revenue after Wesfarmers Ltd. The main divisions of the company have been identified in terms of Supermarkets, Home Improvement products, liquor and discount stores (Woolworthsgroup.com.au. 2017). Transaction Records The main nature of the transactions has been seen to be based on the revenue from the sale of goods, operating profit, carrying amount of the goods and disposals of the goods. The main forms of the transactions are seen to be associated to the selling of the retail products. Preparation of Financial Reports The preparation of the financial report has been seen to be based on AASB 101 presentation of the financial statements. The various types of the other considerations of the financial report have been seen in terms of AASB 107 statement of cash flows. The financial instruments are further seen to be amended based on AASB 9 financial instruments. Woolworths Limited has been further identified to recognize the new accounting standards based on AASB 15 revenue from contracts with customers (Wow2016ar.qreports.com.au. 2017). Financial Report Format The financial reports are prepared based on discussions for significant accounting policies, critical accounting estimates and judgements, individually significant items from continuing operations, segment disclosure from the continuing operations. The fifth section of the report accounts for the revenue and expenses from continuing operations, financing costs from continuing operations, trade and other receivables, inventories, and other financial assets. The financial report has further included property, plant, equipment, intangible assets, impairment of non-financial assets. Extend of Disclosure The various types of the disclosures are seen to be based on the Groups reassessment from note 25 of AASB 9 financial instruments. Some of the other extents of the disclosures are further seen to be AASB 2015-2. Woolworth Limited is seen to comply with the disclosure based on the AASB 101. Some of the other disclosures are seen to comply with AASB 2016-2 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards Disclosure Initiative: Amendments to AASB 107 (Wow2016ar.qreports.com.au. 2017). Manufacturing Business The various parameters of the retail business have been identified with Boral Limited. Nature of Business Boral Limited has been seen to be completing 70 since its incorporation as Bitumen and Oil Refineries. The company has been seen to grow and evolve across several industries ranging from building products, construction materials, gas supply and oil refining. The main manufacturing operations of the company are seen to be carried out across Australia. Boral Limited has been observed to mainly comprise of the spin-off assets, comprising building and construction materials. The business of Boral has been also spread across United States and Asia (Boral.com.au. 2017). Transaction Records The main aspect of the reporting has been identified with construction materials cement, building products, and manufacturing operations in USA. The companys transaction records has been able to identify thee total revenue, operating profit and segmental assets. The external revenues of the company have been further identified with Australia, Asia and USA. The various types of the transactions of Boral Limited have been further identified in terms of the net profit on sale of assets, net foreign exchange gain and other income. Preparation of Financial Reports The main aspects of the preparation of the financial reports are seen to be based on AASB and Corporations Act 2001. It has been further recognized that the consolidation of the financial reports are seen to comply with the standards which are adopted by IFRS and IASB. Boral Limited has been further identified to make the new amendments based on AASB related to the changes in the accounting policies. The new accounting standards based on AASB 3 financial statements. Some other considerations of the financial statements have been further seen to be based on AASB 15 revenue from contracts with customers and AASB 16 leases (Annualreports.com. 2017). Financial Report Format The format financial report has been seen to be based on business is based on the several sections. The significant order of the various sections has been seen in terms of the business performance, operating assets, liabilities, capital and financial structure. The financial report sections have further included taxation, group structure, employee benefits and various types of other notes. The latter part of the report has included the disclosures associated to statutory statements. Extend of Disclosure The disclosure of the company has been made in sustainability report with carbon disclosure project. The company has clearly mentioned about lifecycle analysis and environmental product disclosures. Some of the other disclosure made by the company has been identified in terms of integrity and quality of Borals financial statements. The continuous disclosure made by the company has been further considered based on the disclosure laws and the ASX listing rule requirements as per the continuous disclosure policy adopted by the board. Comparison of Retail Business with Manufacturing Report Nature of Business Based on the several consideration made in the report the comparison of the nature of the business has been clearly seen to be based manufacturing and retail operations. The main difference in the nature of the business has been further seen to be associated to the continuous endeavour for focusing on increased production and in case of manufacturing business and in case of retail the nature of the business is focus on increasing the sales of company. Transaction Records The transaction recording has been seen to be the main difference among both the business types. In case of the retail business the transactions are mainly related to revenue from the sale of goods, operating profit, carrying amount of the goods and disposals of the goods. While in case of the manufacturing business the transactions are seen to be mainly recorded based on construction materials cement, building products, and manufacturing operations in USA (Annualreports.com. 2017). Preparation of Financial Reports The most notable difference in this aspect has been based on the consideration of only AASB standards in case of Woolworths Limited whereas Boral limited maintains their financial reports based on both AASB and Corporations Act 2001. It has been further recognized that the consolidation of the financial reports are seen to comply with the standards which are adopted by IFRS and IASB while this was not seen to be the case for Woolworths limited. Financial Report Format The main difference of the financial report has been based on including segment disclosure from the continuing operations. The some section of the report accounts for the revenue and expenses from continuing operations, financing costs from continuing operations, trade and other receivables, inventories, and other financial assets. In case of Boral inventories has been not been taken into account. The main financial components have been further seen to be based on the employee benefits and various types of other notes (Annualreports.com. 2017). Extend of Disclosure The disclosure of Woolworths Limited has been seen to be based on the Groups reassessment from note 25 of AASB 9 financial instruments. Some of the other extents of the disclosures are further seen to be AASB 2015-2. Woolworth Limited is seen to comply with the disclosure based on the AASB 101. On the other hand the disclosures of Boral Limited are seen to be based on the sustainability report with carbon disclosure project. The company has clearly mentioned about lifecycle analysis and environmental product disclosures. Some of the other disclosure made by the company has been identified in terms of integrity and quality of Borals financial statements (Annualreports.com. 2017). Conclusion The various types of the differences in the disclosure of the companies are seen to be based on the nature of business, financial transactions, reporting format and the disclosure made in the financial reports. It has been further assessed that the main difference are due to the differences in the following of the accounting standards. Hence it can be further seen that the different types of the considerations made in the report has been further made as per the segment disclosure from the continuing operations, while in case of the construction business the main considerations are seen to be based on the employee benefits and various types of other notes. Reference List Annualreports.com. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/ASX_BLD_2016.pdf [Accessed 24 May 2017]. Boral.com.au. (2017).Boral History. [online] Available at: https://www.boral.com.au/history/ [Accessed 24 May 2017]. Woolworthsgroup.com.au. (2017).About Us - Woolworths Group. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/ [Accessed 24 May 2017]. Wow2016ar.qreports.com.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://wow2016ar.qreports.com.au/xresources/pdf/wow16ar-financial-report.pdf [Accessed 24 May 2017].

INTERNET USERS TURN ADDICTS Essays - Behavioral Addiction

INTERNET USERS TURN ADDICTS On June 14, ABC news reported that an "internet-crazed" Cincinnati woman was arrested for neglecting her three young children. The woman reportedly spent 12 hours straight online, while her hungry kids were locked away in one room so she could be online without interruption. The three kids were placed in county custody while the mother was tossed in jail. The Internet is rapidly becoming an addictive source to a lot of its users. Users of the Internet include students, housewives, and business professionals. Some of these Internet users spend a minimum of thirty-eight hours per week on the "net"; hence, losing touch with reality and reeking havoc on their studies, family lives or careers. Individuals such as these are classified as "Internet Addicts." Based on level of addiction, there are three groups of Internet addicts: i) the "I'm-not-addicted users," ii) the "I-only-use-it-when-I-have-to- users" and iii) the "Internet junkies." The "I'm-not-addicted users" are the users who try to convince themselves that they are not addicted to the Internet. This group includes college students who don't go online during the day to prove to fellow students that they can do without getting online; only, to stay up all night in a chat room online. Or businesspeople who stay after office hours to supposedly get a late report done; only, to stay online until the security guy's ready to lock up the building. Or husbands who stay offline all day, only to get online for hours after their family members are asleep. These users are addicts but portray themselves otherwise in the presence of people. Next, are "the I-only-use-it-when-I-have-to-users." These users make convenient excuses to use the Internet. Mothers who claim they have to visit their child's school's website, to read the highlights of the last PTA meeting, while they could have waited for the minutes of the meeting in the mail. They end up staying online for hours. Or college students who insist on checking out the ratings of a movie online, using this as an excuse to stay online for hours; while they could have looked in the local newspaper. Or businesspeople who use checking for e- mail, as an excuse to get online; even though, the computer announces when there's new mail. These addicts make excuses to justify their use of the Internet. The third group of Internet users is the "Internet junkies." Unlike addicts in the previous two groups, these users neither sneak online nor make excuses to get online. They put their lives on hold to get online. The mother in the story at the beginning of the essay is an example of an Internet junky. Another example of an Internet junky is a woman in her 40's resigns from her job suddenly with no reason given. Unfortunately she leaves some work undone and a family member tries to find her for the employer. Finally the woman is found hunched over her computer, completely oblivious to her surroundings . These addicts are completely oblivious to their surroundings. Although the Internet is a very useful and economical source of information, it's fast becoming yet another addictive substance to some of its users. Internet addiction seems very contemporary because it involves a high-tech device. But psychiatrists and psychologists typically treat Internet addictions in much the same way they deal with other addictions. Just like drug, gambling, or alcohol, Internet addiction affects the addicts' life and the lives of those around them. Seyi Adegbore /

Analysis of two published articles on research with children and young people The WritePass Journal

Analysis of two published articles on research with children and young people Summary of Main Argument Analysis of two published articles on research with children and young people ) focuses on the use of visual and play-based activities as a method of social science research with children and young people. Three case studies are presented within the article with each case study describing a different visual method. Lego Duplo toys were used by children to create a model of their own homes and to enact the roles of the different people within their home. An activity entitled ‘Rainbows and Clouds’ was used to allow children to express both the positive and negative feelings regarding their parents’ unemployment, and finally, mood-boards were used to allow children and young people to explore feelings about various experiences. Each visual method of research is claimed to be a useful and valid way of letting young people and children express their feelings and experiences. The relevance of our visual sense is discussed in the introduction and its importance in expressing ourselves is explored, for example through the medium of photography. A r ecent move away from seeing young people and children as subjects to be observed and interpreted at a distance, toward seeing them as subjects to work with and alongside is also discussed, a move that has allowed a more valid reflection of their real life experiences. The article concludes that visual research methods are able to improve the research process with young people and children and increase the ecological validity of such research as the young participants are more able to express their thoughts and feelings. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Research Methods Discussed The article by Pimlott-Wilson (2012) examines the usefulness of three different visual research methods all of which have both strengths and weaknesses. A key strength of all three of the visual research methods discussed in the article is their ability to give children and young people, who may struggle with verbal expression an opportunity to fully express themselves in a less pressurised way. Pimlott-Wilson (2012) also argues that the methods can overcome difficulties that children may have expressing themselves if their drawing skills are poor. It has been argued that un-reliable and poor data provided by children and young people is often the fault of the adult researchers who tend to treat children in an ‘adult-ist’ way, perhaps through intimidation or subjectivity in the interpretation of results (Alderson, 1995). The use of more child-friendly methods in the research described by Pimlott-Wilson (2012) allowed children to express themselves in a more familiar and comfortable way thus limiting the power gap between child and researcher and fostering a more collaborative relationship, a key strength in research with children and young people that has been advocated by Robinson and Gillies (2012). This more child-friendly approach also reduced the need for subjectivity in interpreting results. A child or young person who feels more comfortable and able to express their true thoughts, feelings and experiences is likely to produce a clearer and easier to interpret product because they are able to be more open and honest. In turn, this gives the study good content validity.   However, it should be noted that some children expressed worry about parents or carers seeing what had been written during the ‘Rainbows and Clouds’ activity. Therefore, in order to maximise these research methods’ abilities to make children and young people feel at ease, issues of confidentiality must be fully addressed. Despite the noted strengths of the research methods discussed, there are also a number of weaknesses that should be highlights. A key weakness of the research method using Lego Duplo toys is unknowingly identified by the author herself early on in the text when it is noted that the toy is an important cultural experience for Western children. This limits both the generalisability of any findings made through the use of Lego Duplo toys as well as the usefulness of the method with non-Western cultures. Furthermore, as is pointed out by the author, the use of Lego Duplo toys as a visual research method creates a blurry line between where a real life representation ends and a child’s imagination begins. Secondly, the research methods used appear quite time consuming and engaging young children especially can be challenging over a long period of time. Children or young people can become easily bored and may begin to fabricate answers. Furthermore, each visual research method discussed would require a reasonably detailed explanation of both the activity and what is required of the child. This could become extremely limiting when trying to use these types of research methods with children with communication disorders. This refutes that author’s argument that the methods are ideal for using with children who struggle with verbal communication. Task B Summary of Main Argument This article is a book review of â€Å"Children caring for parents with HIV and AIDS: Global issues and policy responses† by Evans and Becker (2009). The book discusses a comparative research project carried out in both the UK and Tanzania, which explored the global issues and policies surrounding the role of young people caring for parents diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. Robson (2009) critically evaluates the book and identifies the key strengths and limitations of both the study that was carried out and the subsequent book. The result is a short summary and review of the book that evaluates each chapter in its own right. The key strengths identified include a thorough and concise literature review and the clear lay-out of the book. The key limitations of the book identified by Robson (2009) include a somewhat misleading book title. Although the title suggests that the study investigated children caring for parents, in reality only children caring for mothers or female guardians were included. Overall, the main argument of the article is in favour of the study reported by Evans and Becker (2009). Robson (2009) concludes that the book provides â€Å"the most substantial research on children caring for adults with HIV and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa to date,† and could be used to make valuable contributions to policies regarding young carers. Ethical Considerations There are a number of ethical considerations discussed by Robson (2009) regarding the study by Evans and Becker (2009). Firstly, Robson (2009) highlights Evans and Becker’s (2009) admittance that their sample â€Å"cannot be seen as representative of young people with caring responsibilities in families affected by HIV and AIDS across Tanzania and the UK.† Knowingly carrying out research with children that will be limited in its generalisability and contribution to improving the lives of such children could be argued to be unethical. Robson (2009) also notes that Evans and Becker (2009) fail to include a key text by Lather and Smithies (1997). Combined with a lack of generalisability, this has potential ethical implications as failure to review all the relevant literature for their topic may have led the authors to make un-sound policy recommendations. It is unclear from the Robson (2009) review whether the authors did so but it will have been essential for the authors to make it clear in any recommendations can be applied to children providing care for female relatives only. Beazley et al. (2009) advocate a rights-based approach when carrying out research with children. Such an approach views children as subjects and not just objects of research. The authors further argue that academic theories can often be ‘disconnected’ from the real life experiences of children because they are generated and developed through the eyes of adults. Although Robson (2009) does not provide details about the methods used by Evans and Becker (2009) it appears as though the information gathered may have been through observation or inference. For example, Robson (2009) notes that chapters six and seven of the book detail how the children’s carer roles impact on themselves, their families, their schools and communities, a topic that would be challenging for many children to grasp and to answer. Therefore, it seems likely that Evans and Becker (2009) did not respect children’s right to be properly researched and as a result, may not have gained a true reflection of the lives of these children or the support that they really require. Another ethical consideration discussed by Robson (2009) is the way in which participants were recruited for the study. All participants were recruited through non-government and statutory support organisations meaning that they were all receiving some kind of support. It could be argued that this was an unethical method of recruitment as through neglecting to find and research children and families without support, the authors were also neglecting to increase the awareness of support for children in such situations. It is also unclear as to the how consent was gained and whether it was made clear to the children involved that they were free to stop participation at any time, an important research element when working with children referred to as informed dissent (Ennew and Plateau, 2004). Despite these ethical considerations, overall Robson (2009) paints a picture of an ethically sound study commenting that the study by Evans and Becker (2009) used an â€Å"ethically sensitive part icipatory methodology.† However, there are no details given as to why Robson (2009) makes this statement. References Alderson, P. (1995) Listening to Children: Children, Ethics and Social Research. Ilford: Barnado’s. Beazley, H., Bessell, S., Ennew, J. and Waterson, R. (2009) The right to be properly researched: research with children in a messy, real world. Children’s Geographies, 7(4), pp. 365-378. Ennew, J. and Plateau, D.P. (2004) How to research the physical and emotional punishment of children. Bangkok: International Save the Children Southeast, East Asia and Pacific Region Alliance. Evan, R. and Becker, S. (2009) Children caring for parents with HIV and AIDS: global issues and policy responses. Bristol: Policy Press. Lather, P. and Smithies, C. (1997) Troubling the angels: women living with HIV/AIDS. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Robson, E. (2009) Children caring for parents with HIV and AIDS: global issues and policy responses. Children’s Geographies, 7(4), pp. 487-488. Robinson, Y. and Gillies, V. (2012) Introduction: developing creative methods with children and young people. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 15(2), pp. 87-89.

Definition and Examples of the Interrobang

Definition and Examples of the Interrobang The interrobang (in-TER-eh-bang) is a  nonstandard mark of punctuation in the form of a question mark superimposed on an exclamation point (sometimes appearing as ?!), used to end a rhetorical question or a simultaneous question and exclamation. A blend  of the words  interrogation  and  bang, interrobang is an old printer’s term for the exclamation mark. Though editor Martin K. Speckter is generally credited with the marks invention in 1962 (its name was suggested by a reader of Speckters magazine,  Type Talks), a version of the interrobang had already been used for decades in the speech balloons of comic strips. Mac McGrew has characterized the interrobang as the first new punctuation mark to have been introduced in three hundred years and the only one invented by an American (American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century, 1993). However, the mark is rarely used, and it hardly ever appears in formal writing. Examples and Observations James Harbeck Whats up with English punctuations?! Usually we have a glut, but for certain situations, we dont have a mark?! Say what?! –Where Is the Interrobang?!  Songs of Love and Grammar. Lulu, 2012 Martin K. Speckter To this day, we don’t know exactly what Columbus had in mind when he shouted ‘Land, ho.’ Most historians insist that he cried, ‘Land, ho!’ but there are others who claim it was really ‘Land ho?’ Chances are the intrepid Discoverer was both excited and doubtful, but neither at that time did we, nor even yet, do we, have a point which clearly combines and melds interrogation with exclamation. –Making a New Point, or How About That . . .. Type Talks, March-April, 1962 New York Times From 1956 to 1969, Mr. Speckter was president of Martin K. Speckter Associates Inc... In 1962, Mr. Speckter developed the interrobang, since recognized by several dictionaries and some type and typewriter companies. The mark is said to be the typographical equivalent of a grimace or a shrug of the shoulders. It applied solely to the rhetorical, Mr. Speckter said, when a writer wished to convey incredulity. For example, the interrobang would be used in an expression like this: You call that a hat?! – Martin Spekter obituary: Martin K. Speckter, 73, Creator of Interrobang. The New York Times, February 16, 1988 Keith Houston [F]everish interest in Martin Speckters invention followed the release of Remingtons interrobang key [on typewriters in the 1960s]... Unfortunately, the interrobangs status as a cause cà ©là ¨bre during the late 1960s and early 1970s proved ephemeral, and its popularity reached a plateau even as Remington Rands interrobang key let the average typist make use of it. A creation of the advertising world- and considered by some an unnecessary one at that- the interrobang faced resistance in literary and academic spheres and was beset by more prosaic technical difficulties at almost every turn... [A] combination of factorsthe six-year delay in getting the new character from composition to printing; the sheer inertia of punctuation practice; doubt as to the grammatical need for a new symbol- sent the interrobang to an early grave. By the early 1970s it had largely fallen out of use, and the chance for its widespread acceptance seemed to have been missed. Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. Norton, 2013 Liz Stinson In  many ways one could say that the interrobang has now been superseded by the emoticon, which makes similar use of glyph combinations in order to add emphasis and feeling to the sentence that precedes it. –The Secret History of the Hashtag, Slash, and Interrobang. Wired, October 21, 2015 William Zinnser According to its sponsors, the [interrobang] is getting support from typographers who recommend it for its ability to express the incredibility of modern life. Well, I certainly agree that modern life is incredible. Most of us, in fact, now go through our days in a state of Really?!- if not Are you kidding?! Still, I seriously doubt if we are going to solve the problem by creating new punctuation marks. That only clutters up a language more... Besides, let in one mans interrobang and you let in every nut who is trying to express the incredibility of modern life. –For Clear Expression: Try Words. Life, November 15, 1968

Government intervention in the market for various agricultural Essay

Government intervention in the market for various agricultural products - Essay Example This situation may especially prevail when foreign agricultural products are allowed indiscriminately into the market (Dommen, & Mabbs-Zeno,  1989, 98). The government is therefore sometimes forced to maintain a tough balancing act between a free market economy and intervention when the need arises in this particular market to prevent the adverse extremities from occurring (Rothbard, 2008). This paper discusses the circumstances under which such a government intervention can take place with particular reference to the case of the United States of America. Factors Resulting in Government Intervention in the United States The United States government has for long been involved in attempts to enhance profitability in farms through deliberate policies and programs. This is usually done through measures such as regulation, protection of trade, promotion of products and price control and support of income. The government controls the types of food produced, the volume in which they are p roduced, the volume exported and those imported. ... Interestingly, this money came from taxes imposed on the same agricultural sector. The jury is still out on whether the attempt to create jobs is really succeeding considering that the same money taken from farmers in the form of taxes could be used by the same farmers to create jobs. This argument has however not deterred the government from bulldozing on with this policy (Robbins, 1976,  144). The problem with taxation is that it pushes prices of commodities up thus eroding the buying power of the consumer. However, this has to be counter-balanced with the reality that poor quality products that do not adhere to health standards also push up medical bills for the same consumers who complain if prices of commodities go up. The government prefers higher health standards rather than very low food prices (Dommen, & Mabbs-Zeno,  1989, 98). The dynamics of government taxation and the prices of commodities are best expressed in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Change of Equilibrium Due to Tax s tax s 1 P r i p tax c p 1 e (p) D q tax q 1 Quantity (q) In the figure above, the old price [p1] increases due to tax [p tax] while to old quantity [q1] decreases to a smaller amount [q tax]. As a result of these changes, the old supply curve [s1] shifts vertically to the new one [s tax]. Note that the difference between p1 and p tax. This difference is equal to the amount of tax levied which the sellers pass on directly to the consumers (Plott, 1982, 1485). The consumers are therefore left with the option of buying the old quantity at a higher price or a smaller quantity at the old price. The net effect of this taxation is that less of the particular product is sold than before since in many cases the buyers will opt

Concept Software Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Concept Software Systems - Essay Example According to the paper the hardcopy of the email was left in a common work area and by chance was read by David. The dilemma is what David should do, because of his knowledge of the matter. Although several unethical situations develop, it is the issue of the confidential email’s contents that is the main problem that calls for a resolution. David is a principled young man raised with strong moral values and a propensity to stand for what is right. However, adverse action on his part may earn him the ire of his superiors and peers and may cost him his job. Furthermore, the manner by which he came upon the email brings to question the validity of his future action on the matter. This report will present the case analysis and discussion of Concept Software Solutions (CSS), which deals with the application of ethical principles and practices in the context of information technology and electronic communication. Based on the theory of utilitarianism which commands the greatest good for the greatest number, workers should be ensured proper working hours, otherwise this situation is reduced to exploitation for the sake of gain of the employer. However, if in a particular jurisdiction a limited number of hours per day is assured the worker by law, then the theory that applies is the Social Contract theory, because the terms of the social contract (which is the law) is enforceable by the government. Â  Angela's chatting online is unethical. Based on the Kantian theory, it is immaterial what Angela wants to do; what should govern is what she ought to do. Implicit in her employment contract is Angela's duty to work for the good of her employer within working time a nd place. Viewed this way, she is also bound by the Social contract theory, because her employment contract has the force of law. She may not use the time and resources according to her own whims.

Linguistics writing Essay Example for Free

Linguistics writing Essay Literacy is the ability to read and write[1]. The inability to do so is called illiteracy or analphabetism. Visual literacy includes in addition the ability to understand visual forms of communication such as body language,[2] pictures, maps, and video. Evolving definitions of literacy often include all the symbol systems relevant to a particular community. Literacy encompasses a complex set of abilities to understand and use the dominant symbol systems of a culture for personal and community development. In a technological society, the concept of literacy is expanding to include the media and electronic text, in addition to alphabetic and number systems. These abilities vary in different social and cultural contexts according to need, demand and education. The primary sense of literacy still represents the lifelong, intellectual process of gaining meaning from a critical interpretation of the written or printed text. Key to all literacy is reading development, a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the deep understanding of text. Reading development involves a range of complex language underpinnings including awareness of speech sounds (phonology), spelling patterns (orthography), word meaning (semantics), grammar (syntax) and patterns of word formation (morphology), all of which provide a necessary platform for reading fluency and comprehension. Once these skills are acquired the reader can attain full language literacy, which includes the abilities to approach printed material with critical analysis, inference and synthesis; to write with accuracy and coherence; and to use information and insights from text as the basis for informed decisions and creative thought. [3] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) defines literacy as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society. [4]Literacy is the ability to read and write[1]. The inability to do so is called illiteracy or analphabetism. Visual literacy includes in addition the ability to understand visual forms of communication such as body language,[2] pictures, maps, and video. Evolving definitions of literacy often include all the symbol systems relevant to a particular community. Literacy encompasses a complex set of abilities to understand and use the dominant symbol systems of a culture for personal and community development. In a technological society, the concept of literacy is expanding to include the media and electronic text, in addition to alphabetic and number systems. These abilities vary in different social and cultural contexts according to need, demand and education. The primary sense of literacy still represents the lifelong, intellectual process of gaining meaning from a critical interpretation of the written or printed text. Key to all literacy is reading development, a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the deep understanding of text. Reading development involves a range of complex language underpinnings including awareness of speech sounds (phonology), spelling patterns (orthography), word meaning (semantics), grammar (syntax) and patterns of word formation (morphology), all of which provide a necessary platform for reading fluency and comprehension. Once these skills are acquired the reader can attain full language literacy, which includes the abilities to approach printed material with critical analysis, inference and synthesis; to write with accuracy and coherence; and to use information and insights from text as the basis for informed decisions and creative thought. [3] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) defines literacy as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society. [4] Literacy is the ability to read and write[1]. The inability to do so is called illiteracy or analphabetism. Visual literacy includes in addition the ability to understand visual forms of communication such as body language,[2] pictures, maps, and video. Evolving definitions of literacy often include all the symbol systems relevant to a particular community. Literacy encompasses a complex set of abilities to understand and use the dominant symbol systems of a culture for personal and community development. In a technological society, the concept of literacy is expanding to include the media and electronic text, in addition to alphabetic and number systems. These abilities vary in different social and cultural contexts according to need, demand and education. The primary sense of literacy still represents the lifelong, intellectual process of gaining meaning from a critical interpretation of the written or printed text. Key to all literacy is reading development, a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the deep understanding of text. Reading development involves a range of complex language underpinnings including awareness of speech sounds (phonology), spelling patterns (orthography), word meaning (semantics), grammar (syntax) and patterns of word formation (morphology), all of which provide a necessary platform for reading fluency and comprehension. Once these skills are acquired the reader can attain full language literacy, which includes the abilities to approach printed material with critical analysis, inference and synthesis; to write with accuracy and coherence; and to use information and insights from text as the basis for informed decisions and creative thought. [3] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) defines literacy as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society. [4] Literacy is the ability to read and write[1]. The inability to do so is called illiteracy or analphabetism. Visual literacy includes in addition the ability to understand visual forms of communication such as body language,[2] pictures, maps, and video. Evolving definitions of literacy often include all the symbol systems relevant to a particular community. Literacy encompasses a complex set of abilities to understand and use the dominant symbol systems of a culture for personal and community development. In a technological society, the concept of literacy is expanding to include the media and electronic text, in addition to alphabetic and number systems. These abilities vary in different social and cultural contexts according to need, demand and education. The primary sense of literacy still represents the lifelong, intellectual process of gaining meaning from a critical interpretation of the written or printed text. Key to all literacy is reading development, a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the deep understanding of text. Reading development involves a range of complex language underpinnings including awareness of speech sounds (phonology), spelling patterns (orthography), word meaning (semantics), grammar (syntax) and patterns of word formation (morphology), all of which provide a necessary platform for reading fluency and comprehension. Once these skills are acquired the reader can attain full language literacy, which includes the abilities to approach printed material with critical analysis, inference and synthesis; to write with accuracy and coherence; and to use information and insights from text as the basis for informed decisions and creative thought. [3] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) defines literacy as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society. [4]

Personal Writing: My New Life In India :: essays research papers

Personal Writing: My New Life in India Tap ... tap ... tap ... I looked up to see a blurry figure of my mother tapping a few fingers on my shoulder. "Sorry to wake you up, Rishi, but me and Daddy have something important to tell you." She was not smiling. I got up, now fully awake, wondering what was going on. With my father standing next to her, my mother crossed her arms and, in a tone that I knew could not be argued with, stated, "We have decided to move to India permanently." I was awestruck. My family is Indian, but I had never so much as considered living anywhere but Peach Tree Court, a street that had the brightest green maple trees and fields of radiant yellow and orange marigolds. India was nothing more than an old family story to me, not a place to live. Over the next couple of weeks, I ruminated on what life would be like in India. My brother, who already attended an Indian boarding school, told me in scratchy long-distance telephone conversations how great life was in India at his boarding school. "We have the best futbol (soccer) field in all of India," he said. "It has an electronic scoring board, and the surface is fluorescent blue astroturf." This was an enormous motivation factor, due to the fact that soccer is my favorite sport. "And the food is delectable," he went on, "They serve chicken curry with juicy vegetables four out of the seven days of the week." I ate chicken curry every chance I got, so this, added to the soccer field, made the school sound fantastic. "The weather is remarkable. The temperature year-round is seventy-five to eighty degrees," he continued with emphasis, "just like California, Rishi." My brother knew that I loved California. He also told me that I would get to visit our parents two times a week, which is very generous compared to other Indian boarding schools. My brother's long-distance stories convinced me. From what I had heard, India sounded like utopia. Six weeks after my mother woke me with the big "news," my father, mother and I arrived in India. We left Peach Tree Court, with all its beautiful maple trees, and flew to India. I stepped off the airplane into the dirtiest, oldest airport I had ever seen. A film of dirt covered everything in the airport; the windows, the walls, even the floor. And the people working there seemed more likely to shrug their shoulders and ignore the passengers than care at all if anything worked right.

Discuss the warrior rule in the Kamakura and Ashikaga Shogunates with specific examples Essay

Most of Japan’s political history revolved around the warrior rule or political rule of warring clans. Throughout the twelve until the nineteenth century, the governance of Japan depended on the outcomes of the continuous struggle between warring groups to take control. At the center of the warrior rule are two concepts, the bushi translated as ‘fighting men’ and the samurai meaning ‘those who serve’. Warriors practiced a code centered on loyalty and no tolerance for defeat. (Jansen, 1995) This made the warrior rule and the change in political leadership very dynamic. Kamakura Shogunate The Kamakura Shogunate exemplifies the warrior rule in Japan, with a warrior clan controlling governance and the warrior clan descending from the noble families. On one hand, the noble families maintain and secure political dominance by engaging the strongest warriors since the right to lead depended on the ability to wield the sword and defeat the ruling power and defend one’s rule from other warrior groups. On the other hand, the warriors with familial or non-familial ties with the noble families developed loyalty to these families and defended the leadership that they helped establish. This implied the overlap between the noble families and warrior groups. Noble families with strong warrior leaders often win the battle and those families without strong leaders in war became subservient to those with the ability to lead wars and defend governance. The Kamakura Shogunate is one period of warrior rule preceded by the Genpei war fought by two clans the Minamoto and Taira with both having prominent samurai capabilities. These two clans had similar military strength that the battle lasted for five years, from 1180 to 1185. The success of the Minamoto warrior clan brought about the Kamakura Shogunate. Minamoto no Yoritomo, the leader of the Minamoto warrior clan is himself of noble birth. His leadership reflected the manner that noble families gained warriors through the ability to lead. Throughout Minamoto no Yoritomo’s rule, he faced countless resistance from the other samurai clans but his decision to establish the center of government at Kamakura and refrain from extending his control over the northernmost and westernmost regions led to a longer rule. (Jansen, 1995) Warrior rule depends on territorial control and gaining the territory of one group meant extending one’s territory but adding another opponent likely to make a challenge in the future. By not expanding the territory too much, this became easier to defend and enemies minimized. Ashikaga Shogunate The Mongols became the strongest opponent of the Kamakura Shogunate so that even if storms dissipated the number of the invaders, the battle weakened the Shogunate. The exiled Emperor Go-Daigo took advantage of the situation to regain his lost power by restoring the Kemmu rule. However, this only lasted three years because of the weak military backing of the emperor. Warrior rule again emerged with the Ashikaga Shogunate led by Takauji. Nevertheless, even the Ashikaga Shogunate was weak in military leadership resulting to the assertion of independent power by the daimyo or regional warrior leaders. The strength of a warrior rule lies not only in the number of forces and degree of cohesiveness of loyalty of the forces but also in the strength of the top leadership. With a weak power at the top, warrior rule is bound to fall apart. The daimyos not only made decisions independently but also meddled in governance such as in influencing succession. With only backing from one or a limited number of regions, conflict was inevitable with other regions pushing for the shogun they preferred. All the aspiring shoguns backed-up by the regional military forces had claims over the shogunate based on either or both nobility and known samurai clan lineage. With the inability of the present Shogun to take control, this led to the Onin War, a ten-year war for leadership of the Shogunate by the different daimyos. (Jansen, 1995) The war destroyed Kyoto, claimed thousands of lives, and led to the greater overlap between leadership nobility claims and samurai lineage. Reference Jansen, M. B. (1995) (ed. ). Warrior rule in Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press.

How Digital Technology Reduce Cost in Movie Industrial

For many years, in the movie industry, it has used film as the medium on which to allocate and play back tapes. Film which is easy to use, and movie theaters have knowledge in owning and operating that projection Systems. But it is also posh. A one line or a single film print, for example, can cost as much as US$2,000 to form and weigh over 50 pounds approx. A movie in broad release is usually shown on more than 4,000 screens approx, which can mean a charge approx US$8 million in prints plus the cost of shipping heavy film canisters to movie theaters about the globe.Further, a film print lasts only for roughly about 30–40 showings, as a result printing and shipping costs for flourishing movies can easily be twice or thrice as a film prints carry out and it is need to be replaced. Now, the high cost of movie circulation is regarding to change as well as the movie industry transitions in to the digital distribution and playback of show. With digital cinema, movies are disseminat ed via hard drive or satellite, avoiding the need to generate and ship costly, heavy film prints.Once at the show business, movies are stored as digitally and played back using digital projectors. Movies stored on digital media but do not wear out as film prints do, as a result, they do not need to be replaced for the duration of long runs. Overall, the movie industry anticipates such incredible capital savings from the switch to digital media sharing that it is expected to convert entirely from of film in to digital media in the next few years or coming time. Digital cinema offers major benefits in to theater owners as well.Distinct film prints, in digital cinema it does not limit the number of screens showing a given or running movie, as a result each theater compound or complex desires only single copy of a particular movie. In addition, theater owners can use digital projection equipment to show non-movie entertainment such as sports, live music and etc. However, picture theater s must experience a technology renovation for digital cinema to work changing from tried and true film based projection systems to projection and digital luggage compartment.Many theater owners are unenthusiastic to switch to a digital infrastructure because they are anxiously concerned about the cost and manageability of such an environment. To help those movie theaters formulate the transition in to digital technology, the Dell OEM Industry Solutions Group is working with digital cinema salespersons to develop a full-bodied, highly performance solution that is also expenditure effective and straightforward or easy to support .Worldwide movie theaters are rapidly switching since film-based movie projection in to digital playback technology enormously. To help theaters commencing manage this changeover, the Dell OEM Industry Solutions Group has developed a money-spinning, highly performance digital cinema solution that is designed to be dependable and simply easy to support this (Fl int, 2007). As video on demand (VOD) services are deployed, cable operators will experience a fundamental reallocate in their industry, moving from broadcast to uncast content delivery.There is another momentous change is the introduction of Gigabit Ethernet into their network, which is hugely providing an unprecedented opportunity it to turn the cable operator's infrastructure into a sustainable ready for action advantage. However, Gigabit Ethernet is much more than just transport; it is the establishment of the Next-Generation Digital Video Network. This is very huge part in our life (Taub, 2009). Digital technology helps us to consume time timely in our work and that will be very countable work in our in our industrial environment, due to this the work will be also automatic because of machinery based work.And further there is a total investment in first time when u plant your machine there is no basic salaries, allowances and etc . due to digital effect the competition increasin g will be also eligible in an industry ,digital technology has the potential to reduce distribution cost a physical movie print price $1000 approx each. Though, we have seen that the digital technology is more than important technology in our future world.

Roman Empire Essay Example

Roman Empire Essay Example Roman Empire Essay Roman Empire Essay Rome was founded as a kingdom by royal twin-brothers Romulus and Remus in 753 B. C; and the Roman tradition claimed that Rome had been under the control of seven kings from 753 to 509 B. C. According to tradition, Rome became a republic in 509 B. C. (not from the beginning, as it is asserted in the film). By the end of the Republic, Rome becomes the biggest city in the world. In 44 B. C. Augustus establishes the Empire. During the reign of Nero, the Great Fire of Rome took place, but that only gave a new growth to the city. The population of Rome topped out in the 2nd century (over 2 million people) and then began declining. At the end of that century, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, a plague killed 2,000 people a day2. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 – March 17, 180), was given this name when he was proclaimed the Emperor. At marriage he took name Markus Annius Verus; his original name was Marcus Annius Catilius Severus). His mother was from a rich family who were of consular rank; his father was of Spanish origins. His father’s maternal aunt was the Emperor’s wife. In 136, Hadrian had announced that his eventual successor would be a certain Lucius Ceionius Commodus, renamed L. Aelius Caesar. Marcus had already attracted the attention of Hadrian: he was subsequently engaged to Ceionia Fabia, Commodus daughter. The engagement, however, was annulled later after the death of Commodus, as Marcus was betrothed to Antoninus daughter. Therefore, on the death of Hadrians first adopted son L. Aelius Verus, Hadrian made it a precondition of making Antoninus his successor that Antoninus would adopt Marcus and Lucius Ceionius Commodus (Lucius Aelius son, ten years junior than Marcus, renamed Lucius Aurelius Verus), and arrange for them to be next in the line. This Antoninus did, adopting and designating them as his successors on February 25, 138, when Marcus was only seventeen years of age. He would become emperor at 40. In 145, Marcus married Annia Galeria Faustina, who was Antoninus daughter and his paternal cousin. He became Roman Emperor in 161. He was the last of the Five Good Emperors who governed the Roman Empire from 96 to 180, and is also considered one of the most important stoic philosophers. His tenure was marked by wars in Asia against a revitalized Parthian Empire, and with Germanic tribes along the limes Germanicus into Gaul and across the Danube3. Starting from the 160s, Germanic tribes and other nomadic peoples launched raids along the Northern border, particularly into Gaul and across the Danube. This new impetus westwards was probably due to attacks from tribes farther east. A first invasion of the Catti in the province of Germania Superior was repulsed in 162. Far more dangerous was the invasion of 166, when the Marcomanni of Bohemia, clients of the Roman Empire, crossed the Danube together with the Lombards and other German tribes. At the same time, the Iranian Sarmathians attacked between the Danube and the Theiss rivers. Due to the situation in East, a punitive expedition could be launched only in 167. Both Marcus and Verus led the troops. After the death of Verus in 169, Marcus led personally the struggle against the Germans for the great part of his remaining life. The Romans suffered at least two serious defeats by the Quadi and Marcomanni, who could cross the Alps, ravage Opitergium (Oderzo) and besiege Aquileia, the Roman main city of north-east Italy. At the same time the Costoboci, coming from the Carpathian area, invaded Moesia, Macedonia and Greece. After a long struggle, Marcus Aurelius managed to push back the invaders. Numerous Germans settled in frontier regions like Dacia, Pannonia, Germany and Italy itself. This was not a new thing, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Sarmatia and Marcomannia, including todays Bohemia and Hungary. The emperors plans were however prevented by a revolt in East, led by Avidius Cassius and prompted by false news of the death of Marcus after an illness. Of the eastern provinces, only Cappadocia and Bithynia did not side with the rebels. When it became clear that Marcus Aurelius was still alive, Cassius fortunes declined quickly and he was killed by his troops after only 100 days of power. Together with his wife Faustina, Marcus Aurelius toured the eastern provinces until 173. After a triumph in Rome, the following year he marched again to the Danubian frontier. After a decisive victory in 178, the plan to annex Bohemia seemed poised for success but was abandoned after Marcus Aurelius again fell ill in 180. Marcus Aurelius was able to secure the succession for Commodus, whom he had named Caesar in 166 and made co-emperor in 177, though the choice may have been unknowingly unfortunate. This decision, which put an end to the fortunate series of adoptive emperors, was highly criticized by later historians since Commodus was a political and military outsider, as well as an extreme egotist with neurotic problems. For this reason, Marcus Aurelius death is often held to have been the end of the Pax Romana. It is possible that he chose Commodus simply in the absence of other candidates, or as a result of the fear of succession issues and the possibility of civil war. Marcus Aurelius had 13 children: among them were Commodus and Lucilla. Marcus Aurelius Commudus Antonius, the son of Marcus Aureilus, ruled in 180-192. He was known as a good archer, he also had passion for gladiatorial combat. He even went to the arena, dressed as a gladiator. He always won since his opponents always submitted to the emperor. In 193 Commudus was strangled in his bath by the wrestler Narcissus, ordered by Commodus mistress/cousin Marcia, a day before Commodus planned to march into the Senate dressed as a gladiator to take office as consul. Commodus death marked the end of the Nervan-Antonian dynasty4. The opening battle most likely is intended to depict the last fight of the Macromanic wars. The film says they are fighting in Germania; however, the war was really against Germanic tribes in the area of the province of Pannonia. Of course Germania is more familiar to viewers and works better geographically with Maximus home in Spain. Nearing the end of the battle, Maximus raises the cry Roma Victor, meaning Rome, the Conqueror. (Greco-Roman culture often anthropomorphized aspects of civilization and nature in order to depict them as gods/goddesses to be recognized. ) The sequence of the battles unfurling is not historically accurate, as legionaries abandon formation in favor of a more Hollywood-friendly action scene in which they combat the Germanic Marcomannii in one-on-one battles, in which the barbarians would have excelled. In reality the Romans favored close-knit formations and would not break formation unless being ordered to retreat (hastily) or if the legionaries broke under the strain, in which case, unless able to reform or reach friendly lines, they would almost certainly be wiped out5. IV. Summary evaluation. This film, not being documental, does not directly follow the history of Roman Empire. Many of the facts were specially mutilated for the battle scenes by the script writer in order to make the film more spectacular. Though it refers to real events, it is still just an invention of the director who wishes to entertain public. Despite the historical inaccuracies, it is obvious, that all battle scenes, visual effects, the script, and the live action are simply brilliant. Beyond the doubt, the staginess of this film is on the highest level. Yet it is up to a viewer to decide what he needs more of the film – authenticity or staginess. Bibliography 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/73rd_Academy_Awards.

Word Choice Bazaar vs. Bizarre

Word Choice Bazaar vs. Bizarre Word Choice: Bazaar vs. Bizarre Did 1990s New Zealand band OMC achieve their only hit with a song about a marketplace? And why would anyone reference OMC in a proofreading blog in 2019? Well, that second question will remain a mystery, but the first one comes down to the difference between â€Å"bazaar† and â€Å"bizarre.† Check out our guide below to find out how to use these words correctly. Bazaar (A Marketplace) â€Å"Bazaar† is a noun meaning â€Å"marketplace.† For instance, we could say: The lead singer of OMC walked through the bazaar, enjoying the aromas. The word came to English via Turkish and Italian, but it has roots in Persian. As such, it is most commonly used when referring to a marketplace in the Middle East, North Africa, or South Asia. How bazaar? Very bazaar. A secondary use, especially in English speaking countries, is to refer to an event where people sell things to raise money. For instance, a school or charity might hold a â€Å"Christmas bazaar† to raise funds in winter. Bizarre (Strange or Unusual) The word â€Å"bizarre† is an adjective meaning â€Å"very strange.† For example: Referencing the band OMC in 2019 is a bizarre choice to make. Here, for instance, â€Å"bizarre† modifies the noun â€Å"choice.† And by using the word â€Å"bizarre,† we’re saying the choice seems strange or unusual. In this case, it may be because nobody has listened to OMC in over twenty years, making it an unhelpful pop culture reference for anyone under thirty. Summary: Bazaar or Bizarre? These words might sound similar, but they have very different uses: A bazaar is a â€Å"marketplace,† especially in the Middle East, North Africa, or South Asia. It can also be an event where people sell things to raise money. The word bizarre is an adjective meaning â€Å"very strange or unusual.† The fact these terms play different grammatical roles makes it easier to tell them apart. For instance, since â€Å"bazaar† is always a noun, it will always refer to a thing (i.e., a marketplace). And since â€Å"bizarre† is always an adjective, it will always be used to modify a noun. But if you’d like some extra help with your writing, why not submit a document for proofreading?

Operation managment exam(singapore airline case study) Essay

Operation managment exam(singapore airline case study) - Essay Example Singapore Airlines take both the complaints and the compliments seriously. The Vice President is entrusted with the responsibility to address customer feedbacks. Every article, coming from the passengers, is given due importance and is followed up with proper investigation. The lessons learnt from the complaints are properly executed to remove the loopholes and to enhance the service. The complaint management cell ensures that the problems are properly identified and corrected, and ascertains that such situations are not repeated (Johnston, 2001). Singapore Airlines brings into view the problems and the mistakes so that they are not repeated by the same person, not even by others working within the organisation. This action stems from the realisation that operational process progresses at a faster rate when one learns from others mistakes rather than restricting oneself to his/ her own mistakes. Not only the complaints, but the compliments are also taken seriously. The organisation e nsures that the success too is equally shared among the employees. This not only keeps the employees motivated but also helps other people to learn from the successful incidents. These incidents help the organisation to excel in its service. Improving processes, redesigning jobs, improving quality, increasing staff are some of tasks that the management performs to enhance the entire feel of the services offered. However, many organisations are of the opinion that such services result in high cost, on the contrary such processes minimise the total cost thereby enhancing the total revenue. Researches show that good complaint management processes has led to the enhancement of the financial performance (Johnston, 2001). Another significant effort that requires special mention is its endeavour to offer immediate attention to the arising issues. In Singapore Airlines, if any problem occurs on board, the crew present tries to

Car aerodynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Car aerodynamics - Essay Example An aerodynamic automobile is designed to streamline the wind, it does not have piercing edges that cross the wind stream above the windshield and have a type of tail, which is called a liftback or Kammback or fastback. Different automotive companies like the Volkswagen, Loremo and Aptera, try to reduce the tail area of their small vehicles like the 1-liter models. They are designed to have a smooth and flat floor for the Venturi effect to be supported and generate the desired downwards-aerodynamic energy. The wind entering the engine cove is used for combustion, passengers and cooling, and then it is re-injected by an outlet under the floor. Air is slowed and pressurized in a diffuser for rear and mid engines, it loses a little pressure while it is passed through the engine cove and is filled in the slipstream. A seal between the high pressure around the gearbox and low pressure area around the wheels is required by these cars. The suspension in these cars is either retracted or stre amlined and the engine cove floor is closed. Streamlined shape is given to the roof rails, antenna and door handle. A round fairing as a nose is given to side mirrors. Though racing cars need airflow through the wheel base for break cooling and a lot of air is emitted from the radiator into the wheel bay, it is said to cause increase in drag. â€Å"Most aerodynamic design work is actually done initially on a computer, then the design is checked and modified by placing a vehicle with that design in a wind tunnel† (Erjavec 158). Wind tunnel and computer modeling are used to analyze and study automotive aerodynamics. The tunnel is sometimes furnished with a rolling road to achieve most accurate results from a wind tunnel test. The rolling road is a movable floor like the floor of at treadmill and moves at a particular speed as the air flows in. This affects the results by preventing the formation of a boundary

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The use of Isotopes in medicine - Essay Example Thus, isotopes are important in the diagnosis of medical conditions, treatment of certain diseases, and sterilization of equipment and products. The diagnosis of the medical conditions utilizes radioisotopes. Technetium-99 is the commonly used radioisotope, and the radiation from the element offers essential information regarding the functioning of specific organs in order to detect any malfunction. The information from the radiation enables the physicians to make accurate and quick diagnosis of the patients’ illness. Technetium-99 is the most abundant isotope of the radioactive technetium, and can penetrate into the body to provide vital information. Fundamentally, technetium-99 has important characteristics that make it useful in the diagnosis of the medical conditions. Notably, the isotope is metastable. This implies that technetium-99 has excited nucleus that emits the gamma rays to attain stability (Roat-Malone, 2003). Consequently, the emitted gamma rays are significant in medicine because they enable the medical practitioners to image the internal body parts for crucial diagnostic information. It is noteworthy that the gamma radiations are not harmful to the body. The emitted gamma rays contain ideal energy (140.5 KeV) for the detection with the gamma camera (World Nuclear Association, 2015). Similarly, the half-life of six hours makes the technetium-99 a useful element in the diagnosis of disease. In effect, the decay time is enough for the physicians to conduct any medical test. The use of the technetium-99 in the diagnosis of medical conditions has notable advantages, as well as, disadvantages. The property of technetium-99 as a pure gamma emitter is important in the analysis of the internal body parts. Gamma radiation produced by the isotope has energy levels that do not harm the human body (Roat-Malone, 2003). Hence, the radiations are safe and do not interfere with the normal

Liquidity Ratio Analysis

Liquidity Ratio Analysis Liquidity ratio is a measure of the ability of the company to transform immediately of its assets into any other asset and pay their short term obligation due on time. This is among the important measurement which involve planning and controlling the current assets and current liabilities. Cash is among the very liquid assets compare to fixed asset which is illiquid. Liquidity ratio analysis of the company must be done first in analyzing the companys financial position. This is due to the serious problems that might arise such as potential insolvency and mismanagement by the manager. The commonly liquidity ratio used are current ratio and quick ratio for a quick check of liquidity, but there are also another component to have better understanding of companys ability to make payments to other parties such as cash cycle, working capital, accounts receivable, inventories, current liabilities. Besides the use of the liquidity ratio as determinant of firms ability to pay for short term debt, it also can be used to avoid of excessive holding of inventory. The financial analysts commonly used the specific liquidity ratio such as current and quick ratios, which allow them to make temporal or cross sectional comparison which is within the company itself or other companies in the industries. As part of it, another concept that also commonly used to identify the liquidity of the company is working capital which is calculated by deducting the current liabilities of the firm from the current liabilities. The working capital is very important measurement in determining financial stability for the company. It is health for the company to have more current assets over its current liabilities suppose to be practiced by the company. The company needs to stress on the liquidity management because from the previous research on companys balance sheet composition in Spanish found that 69 percent of the assets is current asset and 52 percent of liabilities represent current liabilities (La Porta et al, 1997). According to Petersen and Rajan (1997), the high percentage of current liabilities due to the reason that the current liabilities become one of their main external financial loans because the company failed to obtain the long term fund from the bank and other creditors. This is also supported by other researcher such as Whited (1992), Petersen and Fazzari (1993) that stated that current liabilities become one of resources due to their financial constrain. Also research done in US by Elliehhausen and Wolken (1993), Petersen and Rajan (1997) found that the US small and medium firm size depend on current liabilities when they have financial problems. The efficient liquidity management is particularly important for the big companies as well as small companies. It is rather important in small companies as highlighted by Peel and Wilson (1996). If a companys current liabilities exceed the amount of current assets, the company will face the problems to pay back the creditors in the short term. If this problem persists, the company could end up into bankruptcy. As stated by Nicholas (1991) that companies that did not concern to improve liquidity management until it was too late and reaching crisis conditions or end up on the verge of bankruptcy. Furthermore, it is important to have liquidity management in good times and it takes further importance in troubled times. The useful of liquidity ratio Liquidity ratio as part of accounting ration is important tools in financial analysis. Basically, these ratios used to identify the ability of the firm to pay it debt, to evaluate company performance as well as to access company value. According Palepu et al (2003) analysis done may be within company itself, or for the particular firm but compare for several years, compare the same ratio for the different company in same industry. From previous studies, they found that accounting ratio also useful in providing information for decision making process (Houghton, and Woodliff, 1987, Thomas and Evanson (1987, Lewellen, 2004). For some instant, liquidity ratio also useful in predicting business failures (Beaver, 1966; Altman (1968). The excess in working capital represents a safety cushion for providers of short-term funds of the company such as creditors, bank. This is also viewed positively the availability of excessive levels of working capital and cash. However, from an operating point of view, this excessive of working capital has been looked as a restraint on financial performance because these assets do not contribute to return on equity (Sanger, 2001). A lot of techniques could be applied to improve liquidity and cash positions, at the same time it can increase the efficiency of their management. At the end it would result in high profitability. These include credit insurance (Brealey and Myers, 1996; Unsworth, 2000; and Raspanti, 2000), factoring of receivables (Brealey and Myers, 1996; Summers and Wilson, 2000). The effect of liquidity management The efficiency of liquidity planning and control which include liquidity management, working capital and cash management have significant effect towards the profits. Actually, the most important is to have efficient liquidity management and the next, profitability will follow as well. The important of companys liquidity can be seen from different perspectives. Basically the idea of companys liquidity laid on the going concern concept which not involved any default in near future. The first party who interested on companys liquidity is short term lenders. These lenders interested on payment made on the debt and short term obligation because they can reasonably expected to be paid. For their own security, lenders would prefer the company with a high liquidity as their protection. For the investors and management, holding large cash balances is not the benefit activities in the company. Besides the problem due to the existence of the cash, this cash also become as extra cost to the company. The company actually has forgone the interest income from short term investment if they hold a lot of surplus cash. On the other hand, it is also necessary for company to hold cash to make immediate payments in the case to undertake rapidly the most desirable projects, and to deal without major disruptions with unforeseen problems. The amount of cash depend on expected growth and faces risk, the higher the expectation, the more the company must have a cushion of ready cash. The surplus cash on hand allow company to take advantage of new opportunities quickly. A healthy cash position helps stemming from new products, changing customer tastes or changing market conditions. Another factor to be considered for keeping on hand other liquid assets such as receivables is as a part of sales strategy of the firm. Companies usually offer their customer to take 30, 60, 90 days or more to pay for their purchases. This is to encourage immediate purchase of the customer in the big amount. Account payables are a major element of corporate finance. According to Rajan and Zingales (1995) the aggregate amount of payables in American firms was a significant part (17.8%) of total assets for all in the early 1990s. Other country such as Germany, France and Italy, also shown the very significant amount of payables which represents more than a quarter of total corporate assets, in United Kingdom payable also show significant value which represent 70% of total short-term debt (credit extended) while 55% of total credit received by firms is made up of account payables(Kohler et al., 2000; Guariglia and Mateut, 2006). In fact, payables are also important factor in emerging economies, like China, due to limited support from the banking system. The companies depending more on credit on purchases compared to other forms such as bank loans as highlighted by Ge and Qiu, (2007). Similar to Atanasova and Wilson (2004) find that smaller UK companies tend to increase their reliance on inter-firm credit to avoid bank credit rationing. However, account payable does not need fully attention for the company since it does not consumes resources but serve as short term of source of finance. The benefits arise that it could reduce the cash gap. Previous researchers have viewed the relationship trade-off between inventories and payables such as Nadiri (1969), Schwartz (1974), Ferris (1981) and Emery (1987)). Only Emery (1987) considers explicitly the trade-off between trade credits and inventories but his study does not include the deterministic variable demand framework. More recently, the study from Daripa and Nilsen (2005) has theoretically investigated how this trade-off could affect the terms of credit agreements. In their model, suppliers offer trade credit as an incentive to buyers to hold higher inventories. Normally, managements concerned with liquidity but they cannot only concern liquidity as single element because when there are shortage or excessive in receivables or inventory it usually will reflected to production, sales efforts, fixed assets or other management decision parameters, not liquidity alone. As highlighted before, receivables and inventory reflected to sales and production strategies. Working capital is also important factor in liquidity management due to its effect on the profitability and risk of the firm. Specifically, the investment in working capital is highly related with tradeoff between profitability and risk which means that if the company decides to increase the profit, they have to face the increase in risk as well as stated by Smith (1980). There are a lot of determinants of working capital such as stated by Chiou and Cheng (2006) in their study: 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. factor influence working capital such as business indicators, industry effect, operating cash flows, growth opportunity for a firm, firm performance and size of firm. The study has clearly identified that determinant of working capital 1. To represent in a picture or sculpture. 2. To represent in words; describe. See Synonyms at represent. consistent results of leverage and operating cash flow Operating cash flow Earnings before depreciation minus taxes. Measures the cash generated from operations, not counting capital spending or working capital requirements. for both net liquid balance and working capital requirements. However, Capital requirements Financing required for the operation of a business, composed of long-term and working capital plus fixed assets. some variables unable to produce consistent conclusions for net liquid balance and working capital requirements of firms like business indicator, industry effect, growth opportunities, performance of firm, and size of firm. Similar study has been done by Nazir and Afza (2008) which have used both external and internal factors to explore the determinants of working capital requirements of a firm. They identified internal factors were operating cycle Operating cycle The average time between the acquisition of materials or services and the final cash realization from that acquisition. operating cycle , operating cash flows, leverage, size, ROA, Tobins q and growth while industry dummy Sham; make-believe; pretended; imitation. Person who serves in place of another, or who serves until the proper person is named or available to take his place (e.g., dummy corporate directors; dummy owners of real estate). and level of economic activity were recognize as external macroeconomic n. (used with a sing. verb) The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. factors. From the study, they found that operating cycle, leverage, ROA and q had a significant influence on the working capital requirements. Their finding further revealed that working capital management practices are also have significant related to industry and different industries are following different working capital requirements. Another study has been done on impact of the different variables of working capital management by Rehman (2006). The study have recognize that the variable including Average Collection Period, Inventory Turnover in Days, Average Payment Period and Cash gap on the Net Operating Profitability of firms has a strong negative relationship between above working capital ratios and profitability of firms. Another element of liquidity management that is also important is cash gap which has high relationship with working capital. This is supported by Gitman (1974) that mentioned that cash gap is among important factor in working capital management. Cash gap or cash gap can give significant effect towards companies profitability. The shorter the period, companies could generate high volume of profit. The value of the firm also increase with the reduction on number of days for which the account are outstanding (Teruel and Solaano, 2007). Investment in inventory and trade debtor which customers still owe to the company are not being able to pay off any of the companys obligations. It will affect as an increase in the working capital if a company is not operating in the most efficient manner. The slow collection as cash will affected the cash collection cycle. Uyar (2009) examined the relationship between types of industry with cash gap. The study is done on merchandising and manufacturing companies and found that merchandising industry has shorter CCC than manufacturing industries. He also investigate the relationship between the length of the CCC and the size of the firms and the findings indicated there is a significant negative correlation Noun 1. negative correlation a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with small values of the other; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and -1 indirect correlation between the length of CCC and the firm size, in terms of both variable net sales Net Sales The amount a seller receives from the buyer after costs associated with the sale are deducted. Notes: This amount is calculated by subtracting the following items from gross sales: merchandise returned for credit, allowances for damaged or missing goods, freight and total assets. Furthermore, the study by Uyar(2009) investigate the correlation between the length of CCC and the profitability of the company. The finding showed there is a significant negative correlation between these two variables. In addition, the study by Rehman (2006) stated that managers can create a positive value for the shareholders by reducing the cash gap up to an optimal level To underline the importance of managing liquidity, Loeser (1988) mentioned the extreme way in order to reduce the cash cycle. Loeser recommended interest to be charged at the prime rate to outstanding accounts receivable and unbilled revenue. This is to encourage responsible employees and particular departments within companies to put every effort necessary to collect receivables, and thus reduce Cash gaps. Similarly, study by Fraser (1998) who argues that liquidity and Cash gap management starts with a simple task for financial managers by making certain that their billings, collections, and payables systems are operating efficiently. Management must be certain with the procedures of collecting the payment so that the cash collecting process will organized eventually. Critics and disadvantages on liquidity ratio Besides the benefit in liquidity management and working capital, it also arise some critics such as stated by Hawawini et al. (1986) argue that in order to get the relevant analysis result, it is a better for the firm to apply the concept of working capital investment in its operating cycle rather than the usage traditional concept of net working capital. This argument also supported by Finnerty (1993) which mentioned that the current ratio and quick ratio calculated in traditional liquidity ratios include both liquid financial assets and operating assets in their formula. This is according an ongoing concern point of view that identified inclusion of operating assets which are tied up in operations is not useful. Subsequently, Kamath (1989) argues that both current and quick ratios are static analysis in nature because the usage of past performance. These two ratios have the lack of information on the future cash flows and liquidity. There was suggestion by Gitman (1974), Richard and Laughlin (1980), Boer (1999), and Gentry et al., (1990) to replace the use of liquidity ratio with cash gap as a measure of available liquidity. This is due to the dynamic nature of cash cycles and also involved tradeoffs. As suggest by Kamath (1989) the Cash gaps (cash gap) can be used to replace or s liquidity ratios in measuring and predicting the nature and pattern of future cash flows. The Cash gap measures the length of time between actual cash payment on productive resources especially from the raw material and actual cash receipts from the sale of products or services. It is good for the company to have a short Cash gap because the longer the gap the longer company has to rely on the external financing. T he result was company will suffer of increasing interest cost. In Saudi Arabia the interest cost is more expensive in due to the absence of tax savings. Instead of paying taxes, national companies incorporated in Saudi Arabia are not required to pay zakat (level or fixed percentage tax required by Islamic shariah). This is due to the characteristic of borrowing cost which is as a cheap basis of financing loses its tax advantage since there is no tax on Saudi companies profits. Likewise, reducing cash gaps by any number of days will add equally to the pretax and after-tax profits. Although the liquidity ratios is a very useful mechanism to analyze financial position of the companies, the usage of these ratio must be with discretion and caution especially in making comparison among company and across industry as mentioned by Abdullah and Ismail (2008) . The reason is because the different of accounting method and treatment used by the different companies, also different in ratio definition. Subsequently the mislead comparison be made. To avoid the mislead use, the standardize guideline is required. According to Gibson and Boyer (1991), without the standardize guideline, companies will only disclose the ratio that only benefit them. Due to the lack of guideline and standard, study done in Malaysia found that only some of the company disclosure a comprehensive of financial ratio. The study also disclosed that there are differences in choice of ratio, method of calculated the ratio among the companies. This situation doesnt allow for any comparison among the company. The researcher also found that the good performance companies tend to disclose more information as signal of their good quality to attract attention of investors. Gibson (1982) the lacks of ratio disclosure discourage the information user to know about the financial position because most of the important financial ratios were not discloses. Furthermore, most companies disclose the ratios that only favorable to benefit their position Liquidity and profitability There are a lot of research done to identify the significant relationship between liquidity management and companies profitability. Evidence from previous studies supported the fact that aggressive working capital policies could increase the profitability of the company. Jose et, al (1996) proved that the US companies incurred high profit which benefit from aggressive working capital policies. In addition, Shin and Soenen (1998) identified that there is strong negative relation between the period of the firms net trade cycle and various measures of profitability. The study was done using a large sample of American firms during 1975-1994, found that reducing the net trade increase companys profitability. The study also includes market measures, such as stock returns, and operating profits. Previous research evidence that aggressive working capital management that heavily invested in high inventory level could enhance profitability of the company as highlighted by Wang (2002) who done the research for Japanese and Taiwan companies and found that the less cash gap period, the better operating performance. The research also had done in any other country such Deloof (2003) in Belgian companies which find the company could improve the profitability by reducing the number of days of account receivable outstanding as well as at the same time reducing their inventories. However, according the study by Uyar (2009) examined the relationship between types of industry with cash gap. The further finding showed there is significant negative correlation between the length of CCC and the profitability. Similar to Ramachandran and Janakiraman (2009) also found negative relationship between Earnings before Interest and tax (EBIT) EBIT See: Earnings Before Interest and Taxes EBIT See earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). and the cash gap. The study revealed that calculation EBIT shows how to manage the working capital of the firm. The negative relationships reflect to the lower gross EBIT was related with an increase in the accounts payable days. Thus the study identify that less profitable company will take advantage to pay for a longer to pay their bills. At the same time company also taking advantage of credit period granted by their suppliers. The study also found that there is the positive relationship between average receivable days and firms EBIT that suggested that less profitable company will try to pursue a decrease of their accounts receivable accounts receivable n. the amounts of money due or owed to a business or professional by customers or clients. Generally, accounts receivable refers to the total amount due and is considered in calculating the value of a business or the business problems in paying days in order to reduce their cash gap. The advantages of high inventory level are reducing in cost of possible interruption in the case of scarcity products. It can overcome the problem of price fluctuation; reduce supply cost (Binder and Maccini, 1991). The other advantages associated with high level inventory that allow trade credit which act as effective price cut (Brennan et. al, 1988; Petersen and Rajan, 1997), also encourage customer to purchase their resources at the lower price. As highlighted by Emery (1997). The company also could benefit long term relationship with the customers as mentioned by Ng et, al (1999). On the other hand there is contrary argument on aggressive policies that minimize on working capital which state that it would affect the profitability of the company as stated by Wang (2002) that if the inventory level is least, the company could face reduction in its sales. Similar to Ganesan (2007) that done the research on relationship of efficient capital management and profitability in telecommunication company that he identified that the efficiency working capital management was negatively associated to the profitability and liquidity. From the finding, it shows that when the working capital management efficiency was improved by decreasing days of working capital, there was improvement in profitability of the firms in terms of profit margin. Padachi (2006) examined the trend in working capital requirement and profitability of firms. This study is done to identify the causes for any significant differences between the industries. The finding reveals that high investment in inventories and receivables was associated with lower profitability. It has a significant negative effect between the inventories investment and profitability. The findings also recognized that an increasing trend in the short-term component in the short-term component of working capital financing. This finding also agreed by Raheman and Nasr (2007) also studied on the effect of working capital on liquidity towards profitability of the company. Further the study done also recognize that there was a negative relationship between liquidity and profitability of the company. Also, they find that there is a positive relationship between size of the company and its profitability and significant negative relationship between debt used by the firm and its profi tability. The similar study also done by Afza and Nazir (2007a) and they also found the same finding as previous research. In line with the study Afza and Nazir (2007b) further investigated the relationship between the aggressive/conservative working capital policies profitability as well as risk of public limited companies. The finding reveals that a negative relationship between the profitability measures of companies and degree of aggressiveness of working capital investment and financing policies. The companies will occur negative returns if they follow an aggressive working capital policy. Another study by Lazaridis and Tryfonidis (2006) that investigated the relationship of profitability which measured through gross operating profit and working capital management. The results of the study showed that there was a negative relationship between profitability and the cash gap which was used as a measure of working capital management efficacy. In order to generate can create profits for their companies, the management must handling correctly the cash gap and keeping each component like accounts receivables, accounts payables, inventory to an optimum level. Samiloglu and Demiraunes (2008) analyzed the effect of working capital management (which highlighted accounts receivable period, inventory period and leverage) on the profitability of the firms. The study depicted working capital has a negative effect on profitability of the companies profitability . Conclusion It is very important and first step taken to study the role of liquidity management policies on profitability of a company. Normally, the company decision whether they can face higher risk due to achieve higher profit. Iif a company desires to absorbed a greater risk for bigger profits and losses, it could reduces the size of its working capital in relation to its sales. If the main interest of the companies is improve its liquidity, it increases the level of its working capital. Therefore, a company should identify a balance between liquidity and profitability (Vishnani . Shah, 2007). . Before the companies adopt any method to increase the profitability, they should evaluate the tradeoff between expected profitability and risk on inventory investment. They have to make sure that the increase in profitability is more than the risk involved.